Обзор и перспективы развития управления информационными технологиями в сельском хозяйстве Российской Федерации, Китая и Белоруссии

Представлены исследования и обзорные статьи, опубликованные в период с 2014 г. по 2023 г., посвященные использованию облачных технологий и блокчейна для развития интеллектуального сельского хозяйства в Российской Федерации (далее – РФ, Россия), Китае и Белоруссии. Перечислены основные направления цифровизации современного сельского хозяйства. Проведено сравнение технического прогресса сельского хозяйства в РФ и соседних европейских странах (Польше и Латвии). Результаты опроса показывают, что в РФ передовые разработки учитывают почвенно-климатические и агротехнологические особенности территории, развиты поставщики облачных технологий и собственные центры обработки данных. Отмечено, что некоторые практические системы не унифицированы, вычислительные ресурсы географически распределены, а цифровыми платформами в РФ пользуются менее 8–10 % фермерских хозяйств. Описаны перспективные направления исследований современных технологий и их применения в сельском хозяйстве. Настоящее исследование посвящено информационным технологиям, применяемым в интеллектуальном сельском хозяйстве на основе облачных вычислений и блокчейна. Для интеллектуального сельского хозяйства характерны большие объемы данных. Передача и анализ данных в такой информационной системе основаны на облачных технологиях. Процессы агропроизводственного цикла связаны с другими звеньями цепочки создания стоимости в сложных высокоавтоматизированных производственных и логистических цепочках, охватывающих оптовые и розничные торговые компании, логистику, сельскохозяйственных производителей и их поставщиков. Такие цепочки могут снизить себестоимость и розничные цены на продукты питания, а также потребность в производственных и сбытовых мощностях. Цифровизация цепочек поставок и создания стоимости, развитие цифровых платформ, объединяющих участников агроэкосистемы, приводят к использованию блокчейна.

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